Active immunization, i.e., vaccination, is an indispensable treatment to prevent viral infection. On an individual level, besides good hygiene practices, protective measures include the use of individual equipment such as facemasks to reduce the spread of airborne viruses with pandemic potential, e.g., influenza A virus (IAV), condoms to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during sexual intercourse, or sterile syringes and needles to reduce transmission of blood-borne viruses, e.g., HIV, hepatitis B/hepatitis C virus (HBV/HCV), among injecting drug users. Among these are the routine viral monitoring of environmental and drinking waters to detect waterborne viruses such as enteric viruses (e.g., noroviruses) causing acute gastrointestinal illness and limit waterborne viral outbreaks the implementation of emerging air decontamination technologies for preventing aerosol transmission of infection in indoor environments the development of effective and robust procedures to ensure the viral safety of biologicals such as blood components and plasma derivatives during manufacturing the control of vectors such as mosquitos to reduce the potential for biting nuisance and transmission of vector-borne pathogens (e.g., dengue and yellow fever viruses). Hence, the fight against viral contamination is actually a great concern, as shown by a number of prevention approaches being implemented.
Besides the common viral illnesses of childhood such as measles, rubella, varicella and mumps, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), hemorrhagic fevers such as yellow fever, Ebola and dengue, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and chronic hepatitis (B, C) are some examples of severe viral diseases. Whether transmitted through water, air, blood or animal vectors (insects, rodents), viral infections still remain a significant threat to life worldwide. Mainly built on the development of new ligands coupled to conventional agarose/cellulose matrices, the development perspectives of polysaccharide-based chromatography media in this antiviral area are stressed in the conclusive part. Different chromatographic modes are surveyed, with particular attention to ion exchange and affinity/pseudo-affinity adsorbents among which commercially available agarose-based resins (Sepharose®) and cellulose-based membrane adsorbers (Sartobind®) occupy a dominant position. This paper focuses on polysaccharide adsorbents, particulate resins and membrane adsorbers, used in virus purification/removal chromatography processes.
Chromatography techniques are widely implemented at both academic and industrial levels in the purification of viral particles, whole viruses and virus-like particles to remove viral contaminants from biopharmaceutical products. It is also a priority to ensure the viral safety of biopharmaceuticals such as blood products.
In the fight against viral infections, high-purity viral stocks are needed for manufacture of safer vaccines. Viruses still pose a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide.
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